Therapeutic Index - 3092 Words

The Inaba text describes the phenomenon of therapeutic index. Addiction to barbiturates can be critical in terms of lethality as measured by the therapeutic index. Describe how this phenomenon might lead to an accidental overdose. Why is this factor more critical with barbiturates than with other classes of depressant drugs? Barbiturates are nonselective central nervous system (CNS) depressants, capable of producing all degrees of depression from mild sedation and hypnosis to general anesthesia, deep coma and death. The extent of CNS depression varies with the route of administration, dose and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the particular barbiturate. Patient specific factors such as age, physical or emotional state and the†¦show more content†¦The drug is usually sold as a white powder, either in colorful capsules, tablets, and suppositories, or dissolved in liquid for injection. Oral ingestion is usually preferred over injection, since results occur quickly enough with the short-acting capsules. Some barb freaks prefer the surging rush that comes with mainlining, however, and ignore the possibilities of severe infection and abscess that may result if the vein is missed and the drug is injected under the skin. Gangrene can occur - if an artery is hit, and may necessitate amputation of the a ffected part. Barbiturates affect the central nervous system by depressing or inhibiting nerve signals in the brain, altering chemical balance and decreasing functions of some organ systems. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and neurological action are all depressed, and general relaxation of the skeletal muscles occurs. Effects of the drug increase according to dosage, as body functions decelerate: from anxiety relief to sedation to hypnosis to anesthesia to coma to death. Once ingested, the drug enters the bloodstream and is distributed throughout- the body, with the highest accumulation in fat deposits and organ tissues. Barbiturates are ultimately metabolized and eliminated through the kidneys and liver. Rate of effect depends on how quickly the drug = moves through the body and is metabolized. Laboratory tests can indicate the presence of barbiturates in the body. Dosage, type of barbiturate,Show MoreRelatedUsing The Hydrate Rather Than The Anhydrous Form Of Theophylline1177 Words   |  5 Pagesmanufactured as modified-release formulations? 10% Theophylline is a narrow therapeutic index drug with an optimum serum concentration range of 10 to 20 micrograms/mL. Above 20 micrograms/mL, toxicity is observed and thus it is crucial that the serum concentration is maintained within the above range. Modified release formulations are used to ensure that the serum concentration remains within the therapeutic range but below toxic levels. This is achieved by reducing the fluctuation in drugRead MoreGeneral Characteristics Of Antimicrobials And Therapeutic Index1434 Words   |  6 Pagescan be measured using the therapeutic index. The therapeutic index is the ratio of the highest dose of the drug that is not toxic to the patient to the amount of drug required to produce the desired effect. A high therapeutic index indicates a drug will be well-tolerated by most people, but a low therapeutic index means a patient being treated with the drug should be carefully monitored for adverse effects. Antimicrobials are designed to have as lar ge a therapeutic index as possible, often by exploitingRead MoreAssessment of Therapeutic Effects of Subcutaneous Corticosteroids in Patients with Migranous Chronic Daily Headaches1613 Words   |  6 PagesBackground and Objective: Neurologic literatrure about therapeutic effect of subcutaneous corticosteroids in patients with migrainous chronic daily headache is scare. Aim of this research is assessment of therapeutic effects of this management in the patients. Methods: Consecutive patients with migrainous chronic daily headache in our headache clinic enrolled a prospective before and after therapeutic study during 2010-2013. Fourty mg Metylprednisolone was divided in four subcutaneous injectionRead MoreFew Animal Studies Have Proved That Gabapentin Has A Potential1722 Words   |  7 Pagesstabilization property of gabapentin, it has been used off-label for a management of neuropathic pain such as traumatic neuroma and post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy (PTTN) etc.[9]. Food and drug administration (FDA) has approved gabapentin as a therapeutic method of restless leg syndrome and postherpetic neuralgia[1]. Gabapentin is shown to not only have benefit on a treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, but also as a possible preventive method of postherpetic neuralgia when administered in additionRead MorePharmacological Intervention Assignment : Patient X2837 Words   |  12 Pagesmild tenderness upon deep palpation to the left lower quadrant, an d well-healed laparoscopic incisions. His vital signs are within normal limits and he rates his left lower quadrant pain as 1/10. He denies nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. His body mass index is normal at 23.67. Because of the history of his diverticulitis, he has been counseled on the likelihood that he will continue to have recurrent episodes unless he opts for sigmoid colectomy. Because of the significant interference these recurrentRead MoreSelf Medication Practices in a Rural Filipino Community21296 Words   |  86 PagesFamily Abstract Objectives: the purpose of the study was to assess the factors affecting prevalence of self- medication practices using commercial drugs of the Rural Filipino Family including its correlation and who among them experienced non therapeutic effect. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross- sectional question based study. The study was conducted in 3 rural, agricultural lands, municipality in three different provinces wherein 2 municipalities were accomplished around the RegionRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 Pagesnormal growth process, because they fail to achieve ideal weight and height expectancy. Psychologist are able to determine if an individual meets anorexia weight cutoff requirement by measuring how thin their patients are by calculating body mass index (BMI) DSM-5 Anorexia Nervosa Diagnoses Criterion â€Å"Criterion (A) focuses on behaviors, like restricting calorie intake, and no longer includes the word â€Å"Refusal† in terms of weight maintenance since that implies intention on the part of the patientRead MorePhysiology Assignment : Client Report2047 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom your pre-test questionnaire that you were an asthmatic and required an inhaler, before the test we asked if you had completed any of the given tests before and that you felt comfortable to participate in them. Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI = 36.2 Body mass index is a formula created by Adolphe Quetelet which is used to estimate your weight relative to your height. The calculation used is Weight (KG) + Height (cm)  ². Why do we measure BMI? It is important to measure your BMI as in can indicateRead MoreThe Assessment And Care Of A Fabricated Patient2590 Words   |  11 PagesThis focuses on three important features – respect, compassion and sensitivity, (Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2014) aiding the therapeutic relationship, (Cobb et al, 2012) which in turn will provide better care for the patient as they begin to entrust the nurse with their care and communicate more efficiently. Mrs Ford, a clinically obese female with a body mass index (BMI) of 30, has been admitted following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with a left sided hemiparesis; making it difficult forRead MoreAntibiotics Are Antibiotics Used For?1198 Words   |  5 Pagessynthetic depending on how they are produced. Selective toxicity? A therapeutic dose of a drug is the amount needed to produce the desired effect of the drug – in the case of antibiotics it is a dose high enough to provide the treatment for the infection. A toxic dose is a dose which will produce toxic effects to the host. The therapeutic index is a ratio of the therapeutic dose to the toxic dose. At a high therapeutic index antibiotics will kill or inhibit pathogens without causing damage to

Hiv / Aids A Global Health System - 1606 Words

HIV/AIDS: A global health system Rita K. Asiedu Rutgers University Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multiple risk behavior. However, with the introduction of various prevention programs and antiretroviral drugs, the incidence of HIV/AIDS has reduced. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, global health problem, mode of transmission, risk behavior, incidence, prevalence,†¦show more content†¦Even though African American represent 12% of the entire US population, they are the most affected with HIV/AIDS accounting for 45% (17,670) of HIV diagnoses. Below is a table of the population most affected with HIV new diagnoses according to the CDC, 2015 report. New HIV diagnosis for most affected sub populations,2015 Source: CDC. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2015. HIV Surveillance Report 2016;27. Characteristics and statistics of HIV/AIDS from a national and global perspective HIV/AIDS is acquired when there is an unprotected sexual intercourse, exposure to infected blood or body fluids, sharing of needles or syringes with an infected person and from mother to child through breast feeding or vaginal birth. The most prevalent places are the urban cites in the U.S. As discussed earlier, the population at risk for the infection are gay and bisexuals, IV drug users and heterosexuals. Within the first two weeks of acquiring HIV infection, the infected person develops fever usually 100.4degrees, fatigue, sore throat, headache, muscle and joint pains. This normally resolves itself without any intervention. Some people might also develop a digestive and respiratory problem such as nausea vomiting and dry cough. If untreated, it can result in low TCD4 lymphocyte count below 200 resulting in AIDS. Statistically, from the national level, the most prevalent states in the U.S inShow MoreRelatedThe Immune System: HIV/AIDS Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesHIV is a world pandemic that has caused the death of â€Å"30 million† (CDC – Statistics Overview – Statistics Center – HIV/AIDS, CDC) innocent lives. HIV is devastating virus that destroys people’s immune systems and leaves them vulnerable to other diseases. HIV is an acronym for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which means that the virus is found only in humans and targets the immune system. The virus kills CD4 cells, cells in the immune system that fight off infections and diseases. HIV has been aroundRead MoreGlobal Health Challenges Of India1675 Words   |  7 PagesEvery country is facing some of the global health challenge and fighting to overcome from those challenges. When it is comes to the India, which is WHO region, also have health challenges and making the healthy people by some changes in health system and following Millennium Development Goals. The enormous disease burden and more health in equalities and that one in six person in the world are an I ndian on the one hand, and the country’s new economics and its logical capital in nation also overseasRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV )1318 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that infects the cells of human immune system, causing destruction and impairing the cellular functions. Progressive deterioration of the immune system at cellular level causes associated infection to undermine the immune system putting the patient at risk of opportunistic infections. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the most advanced stage of HIV. AIDS is caused when HIV related cancers hit the immune system by 20 or more opportunistic infectionsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Aids1278 Words   |  6 PagesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa wit h almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multiple risk behavior. However, with the introduction of various prevention programs andRead MoreThe Presence And Outbreak Of An Infectious Disease1176 Words   |  5 Pagesdisease can have global consequences. Such consequences include the deaths of many people due to an inability to contain the disease. When an infectious disease spreads to, and affects, different populations, this is known as a pandemic. One pandemic that has had far reaching consequences is that of HIV (human immunodeficiency)/AIDS (acquired immune deficiency symptoms), which officially began in 1981 and since has taken the lives of over 39 million people worldwide (PBS). The HIV virus attacks one’sRead MoreThe Issue Of Aids And Hiv1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe Issue of AIDS and HIV Zoya Siddiqui In today’s world, it often seems like there are more issues to tackle than people have the capacity to handle. There is the global warming, poverty, hunger, wars, political conflicts, refugee conflicts, etcetera. Though all of these can seem daunting and hard to combat, none of them can be accomplished if the world’s population is not healthy. If people do not have the physical strength to think of new and innovative ways to take on these issues, then no progressRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Weakens The Immune System Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesImmunodeficiency Virus (HIV) weakens the immune system and makes people vulnerable to infections and some types of cancer (HIV/AIDS, 2016). HIV various vague symptoms that are flu like. These symptoms are vague and can last from a few days to several weeks. HIV is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) from one person to another via the mucus membranes (About HIV/AIDS, 2016). HIV can lead to Acquired Immunodefic iency Syndrome (AIDS) if undiagnosed or untreated. There is no cure for HIV or AIDS. Depending onRead MoreHiv / Aids Impact And Intervention1538 Words   |  7 PagesHIV/AIDS Impact and Intervention Group Research Assignment Russia 1. General background and statistics Physical Geography : the largest country in the world in size, with an area of more than 6.6 million square miles. Location : Northern Asia and Eastern Europe. Total Population : about 144 million citizens. Demographic : Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% (Russia - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette) MajorRead MoreThe Global Health Issue Of Hiv And Aids869 Words   |  4 PagesThe Global Health Issue Global health issues are diverse in different parts of the world in America it is obesity, in countries such as Indonesia there are health issues related to the quality of water, and finally in Africa aids is the health issues. HIV and AIDS has become on the biggest epidemics in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. There has been an estimated 24.7 million people were living with HIV (Shah, A. n.d). The 24.7 million people represent the seventy-one percent of the aids populationRead MoreThe Importance of Health Surveillance642 Words   |  3 PagesHealth surveillance is an important global practise in the field of public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines public health surveillance as the â€Å"continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health related data for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practise†.1 Public health surveillance is vitally important in the monitoring of trends or health issues, predicting, tracking and documenting of epidemics, and the evaluation of public

The Existential Theme of London’s To Build A Fire Essay

The Existential Theme of London’s â€Å"To Build A Fire Jack London’s short story, â€Å"To Build a Fire,† is the tragic tale of a man who decides to travel alone through the hostile environment of the Yukon in sub-freeing temperatures and falls victim to the unrelenting and unforgiving power of nature. During his journey, the man gets his feet wet as he falls through the ice into the water of a hot spring (London 122). Because of the severity of the cold, some â€Å"one hundred and seven degrees below [the] freezing point,† the man’s life depends upon his ability to promptly light a fire to keep his feet from freezing (122-23). After one, half-successful fire-starting endeavor, and several other pitiful attempts, the hopelessness of†¦show more content†¦At the conclusion of the story we finally see the man come to the realization, in a round about way, that it was best to meet his fate with dignity, thus giving meaning to an otherwise meaningless and cruel death. This existential theme in â€Å"To Bu ild a Fire† is not likely to be a mere coincidence, but instead appears to be part of London’s intentional design. According to Charles Child Walcutt, Jack London was greatly influenced by the ideas of such men as Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and Friedrich Nietzsche, all prominent thinkers of London’s time (5). So it is no accident that at the heart of the story lies an existentialist theme. London emphasizes the existential theme in â€Å"To Build a Fire† in several ways, the most important of which is his selection of the setting in which the story takes place. The story is set in the wilderness of the frozen Yukon during the harsh winter months when â€Å"there was no sun nor hint of sun† in the sky (118). London places his solitary human character in the perilous setting of the wilderness of the Yukon, which is enough to begin to illustrate his theme, but when London combines this unforgiving environment with the deadly cold of the Yukon winter, he creates aShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Jack London and Stephen Crane.1481 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered naturalist authors who presented elements of naturalism in many of their literary works, but most predominantly in their two short stories, â€Å"To Build a Fire† and â€Å"The Open Boat† When London wrote To Build a Fire he embraced the idea of naturalism because it mirrored the events of daily life. In James Feast’s criticism of â€Å"To Build a Fire†, he portrays nature as the antagonist, the foe against which the man is pitted for survival. He believed that London used naturalism, the most realistic

Digital Innovation Script Deli

Question: Discuss about theDigital Innovationfor Script Deli. Answer: Introduction Script Deli would be an online marketplace for providing books to college students. They can buy, sell and exchange their reference books. They have the option of auctioning and putting up ads for the books. It would be open to students of all universities in Australia. The head office would be located in Melbourne. Discussion Script Deli has a value proposition of solving student issues related to buying and selling of books, old and new. Students also would get the opportunity of earning quick cash by selling old books that they do not require anymore. The business would generate revenue from directly selling the books purchased from the suppliers to the customers (Osterwalder 2014). Sometimes some books would require repairing and modifications. The business would carry out the alterations and sell those books at a higher profit margin. Advertisements put up on the website would also generate a lump of revenue for the business. The business would incur costs from developing a website for the entire selling and buying process. Maintenance costs of the system administration would be added to that. Along with these, warehouse costs and delivery services costs would be incurred (Nrhi 2015). The potential target market would be college students enrolled in the universities and colleges of Australia. The initial target market would be large towns and cities, which would later expand to the whole country. The business would aim to cater to students of all types of subjects. The initial funding would be taken from bank loans and some personal savings. Conclusion The company would aim to establish itself as a leading online book market by utilizing market knowledge and new technologies to generate the maximum revenue. As it is a relatively new concept, and without much competition in the market, the business would be able to flourish in no time. References Nrhi, T., 2015. A Competitor Analysis for an Online Student Portal Start-up. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G. and Smith, A., 2014.Value proposition design: how to create products and services customers want. John Wiley Sons.